Whilst a straightforward condition given a classical bivalent system with values true and false, bringing truth value gluts into the picture raises some novel matters.

In a classical framework, ‘true’ is equivalent to ‘not false’, so the condition could simply be rephrased as: if S knows that p then p is not false.

But when the possibility of propositions which are both true and false is introduced, there are three plausible knowledge operators (K):

• Kp is true if and only if p is true
• Kp is true if and only if p is not false
• Kp takes the value of p, so it could be both true and false

The main question is, if one knows that p, does this require that p is true or that p is not false?

Gustavo Cevolani
Strongly semantic information and verisimilitude

Massimo Durante
Normativity, Constructionism, and Constraining Affordances

Don Fallis
Floridi on Disinformation

David Gamez
Information and Consciousness

Jakob Krebs
Philosophy of Information and Pragmatistic Understanding of Information

Marty J. Wolf
Analysis, Clarification and Extension of the Theory of Strongly Semantic Information

Anthony F. Beavers
Historicizing Floridi

To be held as part of the

AISB/IACAP World Congress 2012
in honour of Alan Turing

July 2nd to 6th, 2012
University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK

See http://events.cs.bham.ac.uk/turing12

Firstly, Sheldon Cooper makes an unexpected reference to Gottlob Frege: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V_TQea0aOnE(1:39)

Secondly, here is some dialogue from one scene:

Howard Wolowitz: [after everyone cheers for him and his team design going to space] It gets better! Someone has to go up with the telescope as a payload specialist, and guess who that someone is!
Sheldon Cooper: Mohammed Lee. [everyone's looking confused]
Howard Wolowitz: Who’s Mohammed Lee?
Sheldon Cooper: Mohammed is the most common first name in the world, and Lee the most common surname. As I didn’t know the answer, I thought that’d give me a mathematical edge.

For someone who is supposed to be a genius, Sheldon seems not to be familiar with basic laws of probability. I think that this scene provides a cool example of the fact that it does not necessarily follow from two things A and B each having a relatively high probability below 1 that their conjunction shares a high probability.

In fact, it can be zero. I wonder if there are any Herman Lee’s out there.

Error Message: A column has been specified more than once in the order by list. Columns in the order by list must be unique.

So basically, if you give SQL Server a query like


SELECT * FROM Example ORDER BY Example_Column1, Example_Column1


you get such a message.

I am wondering, is there any logical reason why SQL Server does not tolerate a column being specified more than once in the ORDER BY clause? I would think that ORDER BY should just obey something like idempotence, so that the above query simply reduces to:


SELECT * FROM Example ORDER BY Example_Column1


This doesn’t happen with MySQL. As well as the above example, I also tried the following in MySQL and it didn’t complain:


SELECT * FROM Example ORDER BY Example_Column1, Example_Column2, Example_Column1


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